![]() ![]() ![]() Paddy soil's abundance and diversity of integrons (genetic elements that can capture and mobilize antimicrobial resistance genes), antimicrobial resistance, and gene cassettes (the genetic units that encode resistance genes) are affected by biochar and manure addition. examines the effect of biochar and manure applications on class 1 integrons, antimicrobial resistance, and gene cassette diversity in paddy soils. reports on soil carbon sequestration and bacterial community in calcareous soils by using straw and wood ash. However, as discussed by Jalmi and Sinha, there remains uncertainty as to the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant signaling and stress management. indicates that soil microbial communities can reduce greenhouse gas emissions while improving soil health and sequestering carbon. report that whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing can provide valuable insight into the metabolic potential and functional diversity of microbial communities. Based on whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing, Kashif et al. The composition of the rhizosphere bacterial community and the response of soil physiochemical properties to nitrogen applications can provide valuable information about the ecology and function of the soil microbial community and improve soil health and fertility ( Khan et al.). In addition to assisting phytoremediation directly, microbes can also be added as inoculants to contaminated soil or water to enhance the phytoremediation process by breaking down toxic substances into less harmful forms or immobilizing them via adsorption or precipitation ( Ratna et al., 2021 Sharma, 2021). By releasing compounds from their roots, plants can attract beneficial microbes to their root zones, and these microbes can form mutualistic relationships with the plants, enhancing their growth and survival and degrading or immobilizing toxic substances in the soil. The synergistic interactions between plants and microbes can enhance the removal of TECh from the environment ( Segura and Ramos, 2013). In addition to the type and concentration of contaminants, the properties of the soil or water, and the availability of nutrients and oxygen can all affect the effectiveness of bioremediation. Compared to traditional environmental remediation methods such as excavation and incineration, it is considered more sustainable and cost-effective. A wide range of environmental applications uses bioremediation, including cleaning contaminated soil, groundwater, and surface water. Microbes can convert TECh into less harmful compounds for energy, while others can bind to them and reduce their toxicity. As part of the bioremediation process, microorganisms play an important role in removing TECh from the environment through metabolic transformation, adsorption, and volatilization. TECh include heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and radioactive materials. They can be released into the environment by natural processes or through human activities, such as industrial processes, agriculture, mining, and transportation. 318, 1565–1571 (2018).Toxic elements and chemicals (TECh) in the environment can have ecological effects (disrupting ecosystems, affecting biodiversity) and potential health effects (cancer, neurological and immune system disorders, and other chronic diseases). Varga, Z., Nicholl, A., Hrnecek, E., Wallenius, M. The Periodic Table: Thulium (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019) The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe (Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2012). Uncle Tungsten (Penguin Random House, 2002) Getting better all the time: JILA strontium atomic clock sets new records. BBC News Magazine (April 1 2013).Ĭoncellon, J. From Basic Research to Cancer Drug: The Story of Cisplatin. in Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry 1st edn (eds King, R. New Scientist (April 7 2004).īlackman, A. Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (Oxford University Press, 2011).īeeman, J. ![]() OED Online (Oxford University Press, accessed 10 June 2019) ![]()
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